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    實在是百思不得其解以得出1700 這個神奇的數字。看來警察叔叔沒有把我都計進去,而當然我就像於香港上消失了而沒有在立法會外出現。

    說實在,真是可以說是和平到不知所謂。但最為興奮的就是攻佔了警察叔叔的監視臺與鐵馬吧。很不幸地,李少光叔叔竟說嘗試拆走鐵馬,另協助警察叔叔另築一條促使雙手和平對視的陣線是犯法的行為。

    防暴的警察叔叔像有氣無力地拿起攻堅盾像是有意表示要防禦年輕示威者有如南韓農民般的攻擊。環觀現場,像竹支等的原始武器亦未復存在,那如同應對南韓農民的陣勢是作秀而已嗎?需然,地上的磚塊沒有被膠水封印著而成為一種有潛在危險的武器,但警察叔叔不是會認為香港的年輕人會有著如南韓農民的決心與那種吃過夜粥的力量以攻擊吧?在警察叔叔等只受著針對對象為智慧未開的原始恐怖份子那些土炮攻擊而訓練的時候,香港仍然有著作為恐怖襲擊的理想場地這個難題。整體來說,是不知所謂。

    其後,在昨天開始,又有警察叔叔對年輕示威者秋後算帳的情形出現。這種底劣的逐個擊破的方式反映出未能即時應對有可能潛水的示威者的逃脫中的辦事效率問題。看來警察叔叔方面有很多地方需要改進。

     

    啊,以上的不知所謂的文完純屬虛構,如有雷同,就是你的運了!

    2010-01-22 15:19 頹廢的生活品味


     

    花奶打泡加上UCC的117 算是頹廢的配搭吧』....

    磨豆機加french press 壺都還沒入手的情況下,這也許已是超不知所謂豪華的品味~

    僧肇〈物不遷論〉的般若思想與玄道思想的異同

    佛教由印度自西漢北傳入中國,在中國發展出一套與南傳佛教不同的一套分支,亦即漢傳的大乘佛教。在大乘佛教中,若果以現代思想的判教作義理分析,中觀學派是其中一個最為重要的學派。中觀、唯識、如來藏三派之中,中觀學派於過去的歷史發展以及義理上,有著一個貫穿三派的基本義理的中心存在。這中心的義理,亦即中觀學派內最主要思想的兩個大部份:般若思想以及中觀學。般若思想是以發揮空的義理為根本的目標,而中觀學就是連繫著般若思想,以闡述中道義。

    另一方面,早期傳入中國的佛教以般若思想為先[1],另外,揉雜了許多民間宗教信仰的元素。在這情況下,佛教在三世紀初的中國形成兩個主流思想,亦即般若學與襌法。以坐禪致靜心、除妄為目的的禪法有著重工夫的一方,而般若思想也就成就著思想義理及目標的存在。般若思想的傳入,最先能相接於中國本土的固有思想就是道教的思想。作為一種教學上,以及思想推廣上的方便,某些佛教的觀念是與道教中的觀念等同起來,而這種方式稱為格義。比如當期時道家中玄學最關注的「有無」問題以等同於佛教中的真如這個終極之義的格義方式之下,令得兩者連繫起來。這亦令佛教能接於中國本有的的道家思想,並出現了六家七宗的不同佛教流派。

    六家七宗有盛行以老莊的玄理以證佛教內的義理。道安〈鼻奈耶序〉云:

     

    經流秦土,有自來矣。隨天竺沙門所持來經,遇而便出。於十二部,毗日羅部最多,以斯邦人老莊教行,與方等經兼忘相似,故因風易行也。[2]

     

    由此可見當時流行以老莊之言為教,並以會通佛教義理。就陳榮捷先生據史料,以及引用李本索 (Liebenthal) 之言指出:

     

    六家七宗在思想內容上,或是表達方式上,已經是屬於中國化的教派。七宗是中國人開創的教派,和印度佛教無關。中國人提出教理上的問題,印度佛教的經典則提供對問的解答。[3]

     

    由此觀之,六家七宗所針對的一些問題,只是以中國道家色彩的框架下發展。另外,以格義這種大量滲入道家玄學思想的方式,實際與佛教中心般若思想在一定程度上的不同。往後,就慢慢地走向只以道家的詞彙作為一種只作為教化式的工具,但以顯佛教義理真見為目標的一種改革方式。而這個新方式的代表人物就是中觀學派的大師——鳩摩羅什的第一大弟子僧肇。

    僧肇生於晉末,亦正是流行道家玄學與般若學的時期。在於時代的趨勢,僧肇也援引《老子》與《莊子》內的用語。但正如玄裝於《績高僧傳》卷四內記述:佛教被開,深文尚擁。老談玄理,微附佛言。《肇論》所傳,引為聯類,豈以喻詞而成通極?[4]僧肇並非只取用道家語詞之義以顯佛教義理,而實際是用詞與內涵之意實有不同。《肇論新疏》亦有云:(肇論)文似老書,義意實殊。[5]如是者,僧肇是處於一個開創式的,承先啟後的位置:在滲雜中國本土思想的同時,又作出一種新的整合,展現一種中國式的佛教。

     

    鳩摩羅什的第一大弟子僧肇,其思想亦不斷浮現郭象《莊了注》的影子。佛教思想,雖然程度有別,但都無一例外地帶著「格義」的傾向,這正可窺見中國佛教的獨特意義。[6]

     

    這樣的話,僧肇的格義方式有著道家思想的元素,但又顯出一種獨特性。而本文嘗試以《肇論》中的〈物不遷論〉作分析。而就著剖析〈物不遷論〉當中的核心義理,筆者嘗試將此與道家相通的部份作比較,並分析當中的異同。另外,就這些相通的部份,看僧肇思想的重要性。

     

    物的不遷看物性

    先看外在、客觀的物之遷動。僧肇的〈物不遷論〉是以靜中求動的方式以去除俗見、妄見以證真見。以同是俗見的動遷現象這個相,引渡世人見真道。論的開首以生死、寒暑等常人所見的流動之物所視為人之常情的物遷實非常然:

     

    夫人之所謂動者,以昔物不至今,故曰動而非靜。我之所謂靜者,亦以昔物不至今,故曰靜而非動。動而非靜,以其不來。靜而非動,以其不去。然則所造未嘗異,所見未嘗同。逆之所謂塞,順之所謂通。苟得其道,復何滯哉? [7]

     

    在同是昔物不至今的前題下,俗人看物是無常故是動;但僧肇卻看到因為昔物不至今所以是靜而非動。由此,僧肇所指的物不遷是應對俗人的物遷之說。那麼,為何僧肇看出物不遷,而俗人看到的是物遷?在看物遷與物不遷的方法下,有著看待時間性上的分別。俗人視動而非靜,是因為視昔物不來今,而需動以至今;但靜而非動,是以物只止於當下的時間就為物不遷,下一剎那之物亦只觀於當下。如是者,這就有兩種分別是順、逆的兩種方式察看時間的方式看物的遷動。接下來,物遷與物不遷的概念與時間的關係又是如何?

     

    傷夫,人情之惑久矣,目對真而莫覺。既知往物而不來,而謂今物而可往?往物既不來,今物何所往?何則?求向物于向,于向未嘗無;責向物於今,於今未嘗有。於今未嘗有,以明物不來;于向未嘗無,故知物不去。覆而求今,今亦不往。是謂昔物自在昔,不從今以至昔;今物自在今,不從昔以至今。故仲尼曰:「回也見新,交臂非故。」如此,則物不相往來,明矣。既無往返之微聯,有何物而可動乎?然則旋嵐偃岳而常靜,江河競注而不流,野馬飄鼓而不動,日月曆天而不周。複何怪哉?[8]

     

    以上稱的不來不去,其實所強調的是觀動靜的觀點問題。俗人於今天的角度,以昔物不至今為前題,看昔日之物,發現有物流動而說物遷。而僧肇看到的物不遷,是不執時間於今、昔的觀念,只於當下觀照眼前之物,就無物遷可言。只取當下的每刻、每一剎那,當前之物就自無「動」這個相可言,故為物不遷。正是人對時間的觀念有著動與靜的差異,所以僧肇以世人之見的「靜、留」,以證俗人的「動、去」為不真實。需然如此,動與靜皆為一個相對的定相,彼此是相依相生。既然動靜為相對,相對的真諦就不見得是終極的真諦。那如何理解相對動靜與終極真諦的關係?

    僧肇所指的靜於物性的層面上可以是有著兩重含意:一為動靜的相對的靜,並為第一重二諦;二為動靜相對的俗諦的物性之靜,即為第二重二諦。這見於下圖:

     

     

     

    俗人所指的物遷為俗諦層面上的動,這亦即動靜相對的層次。當然,二諦義的核心關鍵在於執取相的概念是要不存在,故即取任何一重皆可顯真諦。如是者動靜相對的第一重,就在僧肇的言意下,由俗諦的物遷層次說起,就以真諦的物之靜作為對比俗諦的物之動。這是一種直破虛妄以立真見的直接方法。僧肇說:故談真有不遷之稱,導俗有流動之說[9];談真與導俗都是為教化上的方便而說,但實殊途同歸。每一諦都是因群情而導,兩者看似有二,但實為不二。有物流動是為有,但假有,故是俗諦。假有因緣而起而為假有,但因緣而起的本性也是空。所以就物性為空,也就是物性空的前題下,動與靜是為不一不異。不言看不出「旋嵐偃岳而常靜,江河競注而不流,野馬飄鼓而不動」這些看似流動,但實不動、靜的一面。這才能達事事無礙之境,,以闡般若的思想。

     

    人當下所謂物之流動之中,見物之靜,而發明大乘般若宗「以世間之俗與超世之真為不二」之佛道[10]

     

    事事無礙之境,實在於無執取之念的狀況下才能被體證,而有世間與超世真為不二。僧肇以物談物性,簡單地稱動為執念,並立靜觀以顯真諦。再者,僧肇所指的:「傷夫,人情之惑久矣,目對真而莫覺」,也就是俗人執著的是惑於執著概念。然則,真諦是同於此,只是並未被俗人所察。「近而不可知者,其唯物性乎?」空性是近,但不為俗人所察。僧肇的即動而求靜,所顯的靜,也就是未被俗人所之一面。至這裡為止,僧肇的靜、真諦是常住的,而俗人可破俗即以見真。故合於《中觀》:「觀方知彼去,去者不至方。」斯皆即動而求靜,以知物不遷,明矣。[11]

     

    物不遷的即動而求靜與玄道的體用

    僧肇的即動而求靜,有著形上與形下兩層的相互通貫通,而這就與莊子的逍遙之境,以及郭象注莊的齊物、不執取於事件的相對性上而相通,有著相通之處:

     

    今觀僧肇之論,初乃直下就常人之俗見所及,即俗以見真,而證之于經中之聖言,以使常人亦得有契于聖心,則正與王郭之解為近。[12]

     

    若由僧肇〈物不遷論〉談的動靜一如,該如何能夠契於聖心?關鍵在於僧肇以玄道的體用架構以證動靜一如。王弼與郭象體用說在於指出潛藏著的即虛即實,即有即無的互相滲透的關係。這裡略看〈不真空論〉僧肇之言:

     

    誠以即物順通,故物莫之逆;即偽即真,故性莫之易。性莫之易,故雖無而有;物莫之逆,故雖有而無。雖有而無,所謂非有;雖無而有,所謂非無。如此,則非無物也,物非真物。物非真物,故于何而可物?故經云:“色之性空,非色敗空。”以明夫聖人之于物也,即萬物之自虛,豈待宰割以求通哉?[13]

     

    再看君毅先生對〈不真空論〉之言:

     

    …「即萬物之自虛」之言中之「萬物」即有,其「自虛」即空。不假虛而虛物,即不以之文虛無,為虛無彼物之真,而萬物自有非心之所能虛之者,故唯有即萬物之自虛,以言空。[14]

     

    萬物即有於此的理解為因緣而有;而自虛即空則在尋物的根本在於物性本是空。只有在物性的層次才可以言空;因緣的物不可言有無。這樣的話,不就與〈物不遷論〉的即動而求靜不相符了?從言語的方向下是不相符。但正如早前談僧肇〈物不遷論〉的動靜中,靜之義可涵蘊物性之義。動靜、因緣之有、性空之無,方互不相排斥,圓融無礙,一相對之物之見,可以完整體現於另一相對面之物。由此觀之,形上與形下這縱向的角度內的次第被消解;而橫向的角度儘管對物之見有異,但只為相對之異,形上形下皆能圓融無礙。故僧肇言:

     

    然則乾坤倒覆,無謂不靜,洪流滔天,無謂其動。苟能契神於即物,斯不遠而可知矣。[15]

     

    儘管於結構上以體用而立,僧肇有著玄道的影子,而於境界上,兩者亦有著相通的地方,但於根源上並不相同。舉例如莊子的齊物以因是兩行的方式以超越物我之分以達幽遠空寂的玄境。如此,這一種體用說是立於較為個人主觀的角度以說免滯於物我之分等的分岐當中。另一邊看僧肇是以佛教的因緣起而物性空以示一切物法皆空,實無名相可立。有的名相,例如言語中之相、有、無,只為觀「空」的一面相而已。所以僧肇的體用論是按一種既有主觀,亦有客觀,甚至是主客觀統一的角度看緣起性空的般若思想。

     

    體會物法性空與玄道的去執無心

    僧肇於〈物不遷論〉有提及人心本具清淨之心,並與道家中肯定心的重要性相通。這種說法以指出心的虛明、清淨性。而這種心的本有性質其實於中國的儒釋道三教中均有展現。首先談莊子所指的心作為道家展現心的代表。莊子將心尊為靈府,因為心本性的虛、靜、止是心的本性,亦是通於道的本性。所以要求人與天的關係,就該本著從心去形,以心本性虛、靜,與道、德合體。但是心與知有著密切的關係,而知的分別之性就是使心失其本性的一種原因。所以修心的工夫就成為人要有自覺地了解心受知並易失心的本性,而有寂寞無為之工夫總持。接下來,就如同早前談去執取之心的工夫論以去主觀的心。最後達至無成見、無欲望,無好惡的心理狀態就如鏡照物,既無主觀,如在物上。由此可見,早前的即用論是所指該修的工夫,以達致類近槁木死灰的一種境界描述,就強調了莊子視心的重要性,與虛明、清淨性。而僧肇所指的清淨之心可於論中言聖人的部份之中找出一點線索:

     

    然則莊生之所以藏山,仲尼之所以臨川,斯皆感往者之難留,豈曰排今而可往?是以觀聖人心者,不同人之所見得也。[16]

     

    聖人之心有的不同人之所見,是聖人能見物之真諦為靜而非動。但是,真諦是常住的,故能見真諦之心也該是本有於眾人之中。由此觀之,心的重要性就以此被突顯出來。

    但是,僧肇與道家對無心的接物方式有著根源上的不同。道家中對物觀化是以順物以接物。尤如因是、兩行皆是以消除兩者本是相對,但於有執之人心中有如二元對立的絕對境況。如是者,這種順物的方式有著對現實世界中個體事物存有相的肯定。反觀僧肇所指見般若真諦的境況下「契神於即物」[17],而偏執物有之相僅為個人之惑。以諸法皆以緣起性空而談,非物存有一個本有的定相,而根本並無實相可都,只為人之執。由此可見,僧肇與道家於物相之取、接物的方式實有不同。

     

    僧肇思想與玄道思想融和的影響

    僧肇處於一個玄學與般若學皆流行的時期,互想滲雜自然會不免出現,甚至有兩者於思想的主旨上,有相通的情況發生。然而,若只著重印度佛教與中國固有思想的統合,必定無法顯出僧肇如何收進於道家的思想義理,再推出於佛教本有的般若思想。由此,根據以上分析比較過僧肇闡述的佛教般若思想與中國玄道思想的異同,我們可見出數點僧肇的思想有著玄道思想的影子,而又對往後的佛教於中國發展有著重要的影響。

    首先於僧肇思想即用說方面可彰顯出佛教本有的諸法性空的性質。而再往內裡推進就進而達至事事無礙之境。這種即體即用、不一不異、無心順物的圓融思想有著與後來圓教的華嚴與天台兩宗的思想基礎。第二,僧肇同於中國重人性的人文精神下突顯心的重要價值。心的內在加上空性的固有,亦是往後中國大乘佛法內,如來藏思想的重要性中的一個重要的基石。第三,僧肇所用的玄道之詞、概念,實亦同於佛陀的言教方便:

     

    是以如來因群情之所滯,則方言以辨惑,乘莫二之真心,吐不一之殊教,乖而不可異者,其唯聖言乎![18]

     

    在言語有其所不能盡意的局限性之下,佛陀所用之言語,只為應對群情而立。言語之義只為相對之症而下的藥,故病癒後就不就再需要藥。這同見於僧肇論物不遷這別於俗人見物遷之理。故僧肇以玄道之詞、概念實只為寄言出意,得意忘形骸。

    結語

    以上由看六家七宗對佛教義理的格義,發展至僧肇所引用的格義之理,僧肇確實有著一個承先而啟後的角色。承先是破除六家七宗以格義援引玄道之義以解般若思想上的曲解,但同以相同的詞與概念以會通道與佛。作為一位教化者,僧肇確有不失佛教之理而又會通玄道語詞的解空第一。同時,會通過後的佛教發展,確實有著一種中國的色彩的存在。這在揉合中國的人文精神下,發展至一套富有中國固有思想的重要主流宗教。


    參考書目:

    吳汝鈞:《龍樹中論的哲學解讀》。臺北市:臺灣商務印書館,1997

    徐復觀:《中國人性論史. 先秦篇》。台北市:臺灣商務印書館,1969

    君毅:《中國哲學原論 原道篇:中國哲學中之「道」之建立及其發展》。台北市:臺灣學生書局,民國75[1986]

    陳森田:〈從僧肇三論看空的概念〉。香港科技大學碩士論文,2000。

    陳榮捷著,楊儒賓譯:《中國哲學文獻選編》。南京市:江蘇教育出版社,2006

    唐秀連:《僧肇的佛學理解與格義佛教》。臺北市:文史哲出版社,2008。

    曾文瑩:〈僧肇的般若思想—兼論《肇論》對玄學的融會〉。《世界宗教學刊》第五期 2005年6月。

    劉貴傑:《僧肇思想硏究:魏晋玄學與佛教思想之交涉》。臺北市:文史哲出版社,民國74[1985]。



    [1] 唐君毅:《中國哲學原論. 原道篇三》。台北市:臺灣學生書局,民國75[1986] 頁11

    [2] 《大正藏》卷二十四,851上

    [3] 陳榮捷著,楊儒賓譯:《中國哲學文獻選編》。南京市:江蘇教育出版社,2006,頁310

    [4] 《大正藏》卷五十,455中

    [5] 《大正藏》卷四十五,214中

    [6] 福永光司、松村巧:〈六朝の般若思想〉,《講座・大乘仏教・般若思想》,頁24,平山彰、梶山雄一.、高崎直道編,春秋社,1995

    [7] 陳榮捷著,楊儒賓譯:《中國哲學文獻選編》頁317

    [8] 同上,頁317-318

    [9] 同上,頁319

    [10] 唐君毅:《中國哲學原論. 原道篇三》。頁15

    [11]陳榮捷著,楊儒賓譯:《中國哲學文獻選編》,頁317

    [12] 唐君毅:《中國哲學原論. 原道篇三》。 頁13

    [13] 陳榮捷著,楊儒賓譯:《中國哲學文獻選編》,頁321-322

    [14] 唐君毅:《中國哲學原論. 原道篇三》。 頁20

    [15] 陳榮捷著,楊儒賓譯:《中國哲學文獻選編》,頁320

    [16] 同上,頁318

    [17] 同上,頁320

    [18] 同上,頁319

    莊子人性論觀中對仁義之見

    細讀中國的哲學的歷史,可發現對人性、道德、倫理等議題是花不少篇幅以描述及刻畫它們的重要性的。當然,這與儒家較為偏重人性、道德、倫理相關議題與長時間作為官方思想派別有關。比如在明清兩代,理學更是作為官學,在獨特,超然的地位。所以在中國文化中,倫理是主流作為精神基礎的存在。這有別於西方以宗教為精神基礎的不同,令得「人」這本身,就是作為思想基礎的對象,以及目標。而這種以人為本的思想發展,亦是中國對人性重視的原因。自原始部落所崇拜的宗教對象以後,中國的精神文化開創以來,中國的精神文化就是朝向人文精神這一方向發展的。這種精神文化,還有它的傳承,都在為了對應確實、現實的人生以及社會的問題而發展出來。這種發展模式,是以實際的,個人所面對的問題作出一連串的觀察接收,思考,以及實證體驗的活動作為應對人生問題的一些工夫。這種實際、體證的發展就是成就重人的思想模式。從重人的立足點發展下去,往後就出現各種人性論的討論。人性,意指為人之本性、本質。以人性為題之爭論,是以人性的具體德目層次上展開,往後發展出林林總總的人性論觀點:性善論、性惡論、性無善惡論、性可善可惡論等等。而這些人性論觀點都是在討論關於人性是甚麼的實有層問題。然而,在作用層下,如何將人性論的觀點合理化,亦是討論人性論問題的重點。這種實有層與作用層的分類方式於儒家有出現,但就並未於道家中作出分類。以下我稍稍引用牟宗三先生的說法:

     

    在道家,實有層和作用層沒有分別,此一義涵著另一義,就是道家只有「如何」(How)的問題,這還牽涉到其他概念,例如聖、智、仁、義等概念。道德經裏面有「絕聖棄智」、「絕仁棄義」之語。牽連到聖、智、仁、義這方面,道家只有如何(How)的問題,沒有「是什麼」(What)的問題。這個就是因為道家的「實有」和「作用」沒有分別。[1]

     

    就這個基礎上,本文是以道家的方向探討人性論以至對仁義的看法的各個問題。我會以莊子的哲學思想出發,於此文簡單闡釋一下莊子的人性觀,並用來剖析道家的作用層與實用層的結合式說法。另外,在簡單闡釋莊子的人性觀後,我會集中分析莊子以攘棄仁義的以確立自身的人性觀的看法。在分析攘棄仁義之因後,我再嘗試一下可否以莊子的人性觀與儒家的仁義、仁心調合。

    莊子的人性自然、天然論為主要骨幹

            莊子以道的性質:天然、自然作為最好、最完美的標準。以莊子所談的道來看,就本質而言,道本身就可以說是自然無為。而在自然的意義上理解,可以有兩個層面的詮釋意義,分別是:自然世界、大自然為自然的第一義;形而上學的自然為第二義。莊子較常以自然於形而上學的義意以表達自然符合道的性質。而莊子又常以「天」字代替了原有「道」的意思。故自然,又可以天然命之。另外,郭象注莊子皆以自然以代表天之意:「如天者自然之謂也」;「天地者,自然也」[2]。這種將自然與天並較在一起的關係,徐復觀先生認為以天表明自然的觀念,較之以道表明自然的觀念,更易為一般人所把握[3]。這樣的話,自然這概念亦是為了作為描繪道的客觀性質並塑造一套客觀的標準作為一套可名為完美的標準。而這套標準是強調人為的行為,特別是主觀的情來干擾自然就使物偏離自然、道的本性。

    莊子的人性論是來自道的性質。而從道、德與人的關係,從而確立了人性天然,自然的素質。在莊學系統下,道是作為萬物所依之源方可令萬物生出來。另外,道與德有著緊密的關係。這來自道亦作為德之源。萬物,以至人,都在得到德作為道的表現下而生。同時,經由德作為道的表現,德就在道之下通到萬物,令萬物能分享道之性格。天與地亦皆自道而生,亦表現著道,並較其他萬物靠近道的存在,甚至比如之前指出過的以天代道。在天、地、人,三個界別的關係之下,人是與天、地是分不開的,亦與道一樣。而從道之下,發展出的性,就有天然,自然的素質:

     

    道者,德之欽也;生者,德之光也;性者,生之質也。性之動,謂之為,為之偽,謂之失。[4]

     

    萬物得道而生,而且道受著德的尊崇。而生所發出的,是德的光輝;性亦是生的本質。由此可得出:人從道而生,而性是以朝著德、道的方向才是依其本質而行。另外,性的活動稱之為「為」,若只作人為之偽,就名之謂失。《說文解字》中亦有說:偽者,人為之,非天真也。那麼,我們會開始有疑問:是否所有人為之行為都謂之於偽?但是,人本就是來自於天的,那來人為的行為?另外,該如何分辨那些為是「天的」或「人為的」?何者謂天真、天之為,亦即天性?

    天的與人為的對比——人性與自然的關係

    在萬物自道而生的情況之下,人也是來自於天的一部份。這個分別來自於人性的本有,與人本有以外的分別。而人的行為是否謂之於偽,這個本有可作為一個準則:

     

    “何謂天?何謂人?”…“牛馬四足,是謂天;落馬首,穿牛鼻,是謂人。故曰:無以人滅天,無以故滅命,無以得殉名。謹守而勿失,是謂反其真。[5]

     

    牛馬有四足,這是牛與馬本來就有的,故名為天的,或天然。而用轡頭絡在馬的頭上,用繩穿過牛鼻,這於牛與馬本來就沒有的,名為人為的。人工外加於牛與馬身上的非本有之物,是一種以人力去改變牛受於天的本有,亦正是這樣方可界別如何為人為之偽行為。而這種以人力去改變就正正是「人為的」為為何有不符合道本自然的情況。名為「人為的」這個部份,是否已包含著「天的」原素在內就如先前所說:成了疑問。若果答案是肯定的話,「人為的」的這個部份包含在天內,就該不會有人為的了。

    道生萬物,而人亦是萬物之一,「天的」該包含人為的。如果道的自然性質是以完美的方式存在,那麼人不就像是一個對道來說的必要的罪惡,如同天主教的神一樣?我想從較為正面的方式嘗試看這個問題:道本是萬物之始,本身就是一種無目的的目的性的存在,同時亦不作為一個本體而帶任何價值觀。人們所指的好惡價值只為加諸於道上。而人的取向和選擇的一些「人為的」,只是不大接近道,而是在一種離道較遠的位置,所以稱之為人為而不合性。如是者,這種連續的「天的」與「人為的」的關係,就較分離的二元對立方式更有效地消除與融和這個矛盾的問題。所以人為的行為是與天相續。但人為的,都有分別為有為與無為,並按照以上的概念劃分。亦即人的行為本該作為道的一部份而近於道並且性自然,但卻可以超越、外於自然的界線。

    性、情與人的天然的性、情

            由以上的看見天與人於行為上的分別後,讓我回到早前莊子雜篇內庚桑楚的一句:性者,生之質也。另外,莊子亦指出天下有常然[6]。由此天下萬物皆有本然之真性。而這真性就是萬物該按照的常然而生,亦即性是生之常然。故從萬物只按這種真性因然而生而轉過來看人之性,也就是指人性就是人的生命裏的常然。這亦正正回應了早前提及過牟宗三先生指出的實有與作用合在一起與沒有分別的命題。另外,這也點出莊子是從宇宙觀中的形而上學發展、衍生出一個應然以人性作為基準並以此基準作為行為的指標。

    儘管人必須以人性為標準,卻有很多情況或事物有超越自然的界線,也就是失性的情況出現。而性又與情有密切的關係。用徐復觀先生的看法:情的一種義意實際與性字一樣[7]。例:致命盡情,萬物復情,此之謂混冥。[8]如是者,若要理解性何與何謂失性,也就可以從情的方向去理解。再看先生分析莊子用情的另一義:情是包括一切所說的情慾之情。而這種情就是引出是非的源頭:有人之形,無人之情。有人之形,故群於人;無人之情,故是非不得於身。[9]同時亦能發現莊子是看得出情的應然存在於人之內:

     

    惠子謂莊子曰:“人故無情乎?”莊子曰:“然。”惠子曰:“人而無情,何以謂之人?”莊子曰:“道與之貌,天與之形,惡得不謂之人?”惠子曰:“既謂之人,惡得無情?”莊子曰:“是非吾所謂情也。吾所謂無情者,言人之不以好惡內傷其身,常因自然而不益生也。[10]

     

    而好惡之情之所以會帶來是非是沒有因應自然。就此看來,會來是非之情的偏頗之情是不合於自然;但本身內於人的情就應該合於自然,就如同惠施所謂的無情者難以謂人。所以人的情就能跟性相合於道與德。換句話說,莊子所指出的情有兩重:一為情慾而偏之情;二為自然之情,既同性,亦籍性同於德。所有超越天的人為主觀之情就是失性,反之就合於人性,近於道。

    道德觀看攘棄仁義

    在簡略指出過莊子的人性論與為何要以自然為前題後,那麼莊子是如何看道德與其相關的問題?莊子的道德觀,就如同先前談人性天然一樣,是以形上學的形式來理解的。莊子看道德是大致承自老子對道德的理解:道與德以獨立的方式理解,但道與德是在一個連續的關係。就此,這種道德觀也就跟平常以德性的倫理道德的看法很不一樣。同時,莊子亦以形上學的道德理解,如同人性,作為倫理道德的標準。那麼,莊子又如何看孔子那一種知其不可而為之者所強調的仁與義?

     

    形德仁義,神之末也,非至人孰能定之!夫至人有世,不亦大乎!而不足以為之累。天下奮柄而不與之偕,審乎無假而不與利遷,極物之真,能守其本,故外天地,遺萬物,而神未嘗有所困也。通乎道,合乎德,退仁義,賓禮樂,至人之心有所定矣[11]

     

    莊子由指出刑、賞、仁、義為精神的末跡,然後以至人有貫通於道、融合於德、辭退仁義與擯棄禮樂,所以至人的心才能靜而定。由此路看,道德之內有沒有仁義就成為一個要小心處理的問題。在至人辭退仁義之下,我認為道德之中是有包括仁義的所在的。而且仁義是內於人之情當中:

     

    故性長非所斷,性短非所續,無所去憂也。意仁義其非人情乎!彼仁人何其多憂也?[12]

     

    由仁人的人情內有仁與義這點看來,仁義是人之情,亦在道德與德當中。那接下來,既然道與德內既有仁義,為甚麼莊子要以攘棄仁義而不採納之以至合道與德的境界?再看以下一句:

     

    自虞氏招仁義以撓天下也,天下莫不奔命於仁義,是非以仁義易其性與?[13]

     

    自有仁義以來,天下無一不為仁義而疲於奔命。這就好指出仁義為亂人之性的一大患。在這個情況下,莊子所攘棄的仁義不是內於性之內的仁義,而是行仁義這活動。這亦好比莊子與惠施談及情時而指出無情乃無個人好惡之情的情況一樣。行仁義之所以被莊子攘棄是在於行仁義是有為的人為活動內之一。如是者,行仁義既不合自然,而性的人為之動就會導致失性,亦更為離開道與德,。故行仁義並不合於莊子的道德觀,亦不合人的本性。如先前談到性是生的常然,而天下皆有常然:天下有常然。常然者,曲者不以鉤,直者不以繩,圓者不以規,方者不以矩,附離不以膠漆,約束不以纆索。[14]曲直圓方等都有其自己的真性。故情同性,以至德,故合於自身常然的自然的情便名為順性之情。仁義為人所故有但不達至善,所以稱之為不失其性命之情。相比下,行仁義就是一種失其性命之情。

    莊子的攘棄仁義與真正的攘棄之因

     

    夫堯既已黥汝以仁義,而劓汝以是非矣,汝將何以遊夫遙蕩、恣睢、轉徙之途乎?[15]

     

    既然仁義為不失其性命之情,為甚麼莊子要以黥刑比喻仁義,而跟以劓刑比喻是非並列有一起?我想莊子對仁義的批判是有時代性的原因與意義。正如墨子批評儒家繁文俗禮的情況一樣,花費在禮節上的有為行為,並不能足以引禮至仁義。結果不但不能達至仁義,而且離仁義的自然之性越來越遠。更甚者,仁義德性更被某些諸侯國君以仁義聖智之名而行自身利益的一些謀略與行為:

     

    雖重聖人而治天下,則是重利盜跖也。為之斗斛以量之,則並與斗斛而竊之;為之權衡以稱之,則並與權衡而竊之;為之符璽以信之,則並與符璽而竊之;為之仁義以矯之,則並與仁義而竊之。何以知其然邪?彼竊鉤者誅,竊國者為諸侯,諸侯之門,而仁義存焉,則是非竊仁義聖知邪?[16]

     

    盜賊偷盜斗斛、天秤、印章等用具以作為滿足一己之私。這就像諸侯偷盜仁義之名行私一樣。另外,我這樣視仁義之本也是可以合於道與德的一種工夫是以莊子不以全盤否定的態度看仁義有關:

     

    名,公器也,不可多取。仁義,先王之蘧廬也,止可以一宿而不可以久處,覯而多責。古之至人,假道於仁,託宿於義,以遊逍遙之墟,食於苟簡之田,立於不貸之圃。逍遙,無為也;苟簡,易養也;不貸,無出也。古者謂是采真之遊。[17]

     

    仁義與名一樣,都是一種不可多取以及不可久處。而古代的至人,假道於仁,託足於義,以遊於逍遙的境地。謂之至人,是因為至人不離於真。那麼,至人亦能夠假道於仁,託宿於義,亦即仁義並非不能令人至逍遙及接近道與得的境界。由此觀之,莊子是了解仁義能達道與德之境,但只是基於實行的方法上容易有偏差而不提倡仁義之說,甚至有說明確的話語以攘棄仁義。而且更認為聖人以這種易使人於行仁義時造成偏差的這種情況,認為是聖人之過:

     

    夫殘樸以為器,工匠之罪也;毀道德以為仁義,聖人之過也。[18]

     

    當然,莊子並非不知道聖人的境況是為了達到教化的目的而行仁義而非直接以無為教化:

     

    道不可致,德不可至。仁可為也,義可虧也,禮相偽也。故曰:失道而後德,失德而後仁,失仁而後義,失義而後禮。禮者,道之華而亂之首也。’故曰:‘為道者日損,損之又損之,以至於無為,無為而無不為也。[19]

     

    既然道與德是本不可招致以及達到的,那就很難於民眾下起積極作學。同時,就是只有道於較下、較具體的形態下方能被發現,以至聖人作教化就只能以仁義等相對具體的方向入手。而莊子的境界,可以說是一開始就以道、德、自然等為目標,確實是較聖人所教化的境界為高。而聖人的這個情況就好比佛家有宗與空宗所指的情況一樣:空宗就好比莊子所強調要直接達至空的境界,一切物、法最後只是緣起性空因緣和合而生。我這裡就以空宗所談的空以借喻莊子所談的道與德、逍遙之境。但聖人所談的仁義,就如同人民較難以一下達到空之境,而多強調物、法的有,故有宗以一個特有的「有」去談佛家的一個起源問題。但是轉過來一看,莊子所指出聖人所說的仁義,就有一種落入執著於空的毛病。這也就是若果人民以行仁義禮就作為最後的人性境界,這就如同只執緊空的「空」意,而落入虛無主義之下。就此,莊子所主張的直指道、德或者以較道為具體的天、地以及道性自然為主張非不無道理。所以莊子也指出聖人是見道以及體無的,而所行之教也該是行不言之教,而聖人以仁義作教化的這種需然可為之教,是該不為的。

     

    夫知者不言,言者不知,故聖人行不言之教。[20]

     

    這種以應然作為教化的也回應了道家談作用的應然與實有合起來問題,而不單獨談一個實有的問題。       

    道德與仁義之合是否可能

    如是者,莊子所攘棄的仁義會否有可能融合?莊的攘棄仁義,是作為儒道兩家之間的一個被突顯出來的衝突點。以微觀的層面觀察,莊子是以強調仁義是有為,並容易被當權的統治者用來作為壓迫人民的籍口。而在官方的重視之下,儒家的仁義德性觀已深切潛藏於人民的思想,行為之內。這根深蒂固的的觀念若然被利用,可演變至一個人民甘心供統治者利用的境地。而從一個較宏觀的圖像看來,我認為莊子是明白仁義背後的理想目標。而抨擊仁義是作為對人民明白到行仁義之名可能是猛毒,因為以自然,超脫世俗的方式去導出一個自由平等的世界。學者吳汝鈞先生是以一個較為消極的看法看莊子對仁義的演繹:

     

    對於這些正面[仁義德性以及相關的道德觀]的價值,莊子都沒有留意到。他只著眼於聖人如何鼓吹仁義德性,這仁義德性如何被不法之徒利用,利用之後有甚麼不良後果,以及這些不法之徒的醜惡行為與目的等的問題,這正是本末倒置。[21]

     

    相反,徐復觀先生就以一種較為積極的、共融的,對莊子思想的評價:

     

    [莊子]他在掊擊仁義之上,實顯現其仁心於另一形態之中,以與孔孟的真精神相接,這才使其有「充實而不可以已」的感覺。這是我們古代以仁心為基底的偉大自由主義者的另一思想形態。[22]

     

    先生所指出的莊子所表現的這一種「仁心」,就該是與莊子自身所推崇的寂靜無為的道的境界。莊子是較多強調「獨」的一面。但是由莊子經常與名家的惠施的對話當中,可見得莊子並非只管自我逍遙並且處於一個旁若無人之境。由此,莊子是同時是目的為圓成自己,亦圓成眾生。如此的話,道德與仁義就並非一個絕對的衝突。精確點的話,道與德是能以至仁至義,作為一種融和。最後,我不厭其煩地以錢穆先生的話語作總結:

     

    …莊子思想裏,有許多點近似孔子。儒家本有兩方面,用之則行,達則兼善天下,是一面。舍之則藏,窮則獨善其身,是又一面[23]

     


    參考書目:

    牟宗三:《中國哲學十九講 : 中國哲學之簡述及其所涵蘊之問題》。臺北市:臺灣學生書局,1983

    吳汝鈞:《老莊哲學的現在析論》。臺北市:文津出版社有限公司,1998

    官福然:〈莊子的人性論〉。碩士論文,香港科技大學,2000。

    姜國柱,朱葵菊著:《中國人性論史》。鄭州市:河南人民出版社, 1997 

    徐復觀:《中國人性論史. 先秦篇》。台北市:臺灣商務印書館,1969

    陳鼓應:《莊子今注今譯(最新修訂重排本)》。北京:中華書局,1983.4 (2009重印)

    馮友蘭:《中國哲學簡史》。香港:三聯書店(香港)有限公司,2005 (2006 印)

    錢穆:《中國思想史》。台北市:臺灣學生書局,1992

    謝啟武:〈莊子的道德觀與人性觀——聚焦於攘棄仁義這一點上〉載於臺大哲學系主編:《中國人性論》。臺北市:東大圖書公司:總經銷三民書局,1990



    [1] 牟宗三:《中國哲學十九講 : 中國哲學之簡述及其所涵蘊之問題》。臺北市:臺灣學生書局,1983。頁127-128

    [2] 徐復觀:《中國人性論史. 先秦篇》。台北市:臺灣商務印書館,1969。頁367

    [3] 同上,頁368

    [4] 《莊子.庚桑楚》。陳鼓應:《莊子今注今譯》,頁661

    [5] 《莊子.秋水》頁460-461

    [6] 《莊子.駢拇》頁260

    [7] 《中國人性論史. 先秦篇》頁370-371

    [8] 《莊子.天地》頁350

    [9] 《莊子.德充符》頁179

    [10] 《莊子.德充符》頁181

    [11] 《莊子.天道》頁383

    [12] 《莊子.駢拇》頁257

    [13] 《莊子.駢拇》頁262

    [14] 《莊子.駢拇》頁260

    [15] 《莊子.大宗師》頁222

    [16] 《莊子.胠篋》頁280

    [17] 《莊子.天運》頁408

    [18] 《莊子.馬蹄》頁270

    [19] 《莊子.知北遊》頁597

    [20] 《莊子.知北遊》頁597

    [21] 吳汝鈞:《老莊哲學的現在析論》。頁186

    [22] 徐復觀:《中國人性論史. 先秦篇》。頁412

    [23] 錢穆:《中國思想史》。頁49

    Moving forward: From the construction of Hong Kong Cultural Identity in post-colonial context to the north going imagination

    The starting of the Second European colonization wave in 19th century has brought the European thought and influence over the world. With the western imperialism and colonialism influence, the legacy of these “-ism” still have influence in the 21st century, namely post-colonialism. Many cultural critics, scholars and social scientists have worked on the study of post-colonialism in various “colonized” places, paying attention on economic, political, geographical ownership ramification and cultural aspects. Scholars have found theories and meta-narrative worked well on many places after being colonized, like African and Indo-European countries. However, when these theories came to describe the post-colonial situation in East Asia, these theories could not be easily generalized in describing the circumstances of China and Taiwan, etc. Short period of occupation, retaining original languages, influence of communism and east-Asian imperialism were the main reasons[1] account for the difference from some other countries in Africa. Among those examples in East-Asia, two easily forgot places: Hong Kong and Macau, have been founded as a particular important and abnormal place. The abnormality came from the returning of the territorial sovereignty to the motherland- China, instead of becoming an independent country or place. This abnormality added the impotency and value of Hong Kong (this essay, I will only focus on Hong Kong according to her global influence) in her special position between Britain’s colonialism and China’s up coming partial totalitarianism governance. According Rey Chow’ s saying: “Between Britain and China, Hong Kong’ s postcoloniality is marked by a double impossibility—it will be impossible to submit to Chinese nationalist/ nativist repossession as it has been impossible to submit to British colonialism.”[2] However, when we compare the pre-handover period for Chow's essay, and the period after handing over of Hong Kong to China in 1997, her description on the emergent Hong Kong Identity and Hong Kong culture can not simply meet current Hong Kong situation on identity and culture. What I am going to do is to tease out the ways and the ambivalence in constructing Hong Kong Identity and then to figure out what is and what lead to the current situation. In doing this, the two main aspects coined in Chow’s essay: root searching and post-modern hybridities will also be my starting way in interpreting the current situation. Hence, I will try to come up with a description for the current situation.

    Preference to nativism and its insufficiency

    To recover the lost identity after colonial period, the must way to go is nativism[3]. Obviously, when going on with the way of nativism, the origin for Hong Kong to go must be mainland China. By the two definitions used by Stuart Hall in constructing cultural identity:

     

    “The first definition defines “cultural identity” in terms of one, shared culture, a sort of collective “one true,” hiding inside the many other, more superficial or artificially imposed “selves,” which people with a shared history and ancestry hold in common. The second definition is similar to the first one by focusing on difference, which constitutes “what we really are,” or rather – since history has intervened – “what we have become.”[4]

     

    Nativism is more likely to be within the scope of the first definition and with essentialism character. The first definition shows the common historical experience and shared cultural codes may be used in comparison of the sameness between Hong Kong and China. The Common history experience shared by Hong Kong and China has been started since the Opium Wars, through the ceding of Hong Kong to Britain. Next, cultural codes include language and tradition. The language used is both the same in using Chinese. Although people in northern part of China speak mainly Mandarin while people in Hong Kong speak the different dialect – Cantonese, we can still say same language is used. Further, people share lot of same festivals as a kind of tradition. Under this circumstance, there is no doubt for most people in Hong Kong having the blood of being Chinese, and there is no way to say Hong Kong people is not a Chinese. But then again, difficult for Hong Kong can not be easily solved purely in recognizing the nation identity, and thus the same in other colonized. (I use the term “nation” with the exact meaning for “race”, while Rey Chow used the term “folk” in distinguished from term “nation” in representing the multiracial condition of China.) With the same nation and with the same nativism, there seems a must way to go for defining the cultural identity of people in Hong Kong. However, if nativism directed adopted by people in Hong Kong, where does the effect of colonial history gone? Why people in Hong Kong were so anxious about the future handover? With these, there must be other factors, reasons and the insufficiency of nativism and is a particular importance of the second definition.

    Imagine as the alternative road for Hong Kong cultural identity

    The second definition by Hall states the difference between the origin and diaspora which can be applied in the case between Hong Kong and China for the subtle difference between the commonly shared tradition and culture. This subtle difference can be revealed by contrasting something that people in Hong Kong are not and really are. Hence, this can bring to a practical and reality difference with what people shared in common. In fact, Hong Kong share many things with China the same but different. This “the same” is deep rooted, like indistinguishable with China, but in different ways. By taking Cantonese used by people in Hong Kong, the language is always embedded with the mixing of English and Chinese. Of course, many languages have words of foreign origin, but Chinese has a very specially way in assimilating the foreign language, like the examples of the word “lift” and “taxi”. According to Leung Ping-kwan’s description on the difficult and contradiction of Hong Kong’s self invention:

    A Hong Kong person may speak English or Putonghua, but it is not the language with which he is familiar since childhood; and yet what he knows best, Cantonese, is not convenient for writing. He recites the Chinese classics while at school, but in his eventual employment he would have to acquaint himself with forms of commercial correspondence… Such linguistic impurities are also a reflection of the impurities of Hong Kong’s cultural identity.[5]

    From this perspective, a sense of awareness of self which differ from the origin was notable. This sense prevents one from going on with simply adapting the culture from the origin.

    The second definition provide a deeper focused on the self, collective imagine aspect or the choice of categorizing oneself in different communities through the re-telling of the past. The imaginative rediscovery and imaginary reunification coined by Hall, have given out a clear relationship between the rediscovery, reunification and with the “hidden history”. This hidden history can be seen as the one or collective perception and social aspects in looking back in personal and social memory. These memories have been used in the imaginary process of rediscovering, reunification, hence in the production of identity. This production of identity contrasted with the tracing for root and identity in history, will lead to the different self-chosen root and then to the multiple meaning of Chinese identity. In this sense, this way of figuring out one’s identity is same as Edward Said’s two ways in modern cultural history: filiation and affiliation. The affiliation for the self-choice in the production of identity is homologous to Hall’s idea on constructing identity. Further, Said have also pointed the tendency of turning from filiation to affiliation in modern cultural process in "incessantly generates forms for itself"[6]. That is a rapid changing along history, historical change and the peoples’ psychology have made the cultural identity (or Chineseness inside nativism in Hong Kong context) with ambivalence and paradoxical. With this reason and with the ability of re-telling of the past in producing new identity, many people go on in the factor of political reason.

    Identity with political history and the confrontation of center and marginality

    Political history of China has pushed people in Hong Kong to a position of anti-Chinese identity in the pre-handover period. Rey Chow took this form of against attitude towards China’s upcoming imperialism on Hong Kong. Although Chow did not voice it out explicitly, but there was an aura of political history and issues inside Chow’s argument in order to construct the impossibility to submit to Chinese nativist repossession. This aura formed when the Communist party came into power after 1949. Later, leftists caused the 1967 riot in Hong Kong in respond to the Cultural Revolution in mainland and the particular important 1989 June Forth incident, had made people in Hong Kong in feeling anxiety about their future since the signing of Sino-British Joint Declaration in 1984. Some people were tended to be colonized by Britain instead of being a new ‘colonized’ place bounded by China. Or even, one after another waves of mass migration from Hong Kong had been found after 1967 riot, and the period of 1980s to 1990s. Even though lots of people were leaving Hong Kong, but were those people having no sense of belonging about the shared culture and tradition with China? In this way, there are a number of people considered as being “obsessed” with China in order to restore some particular traditions of China. With this political context, Tu Wei-ming is one of the people intended to restore Chinese tradition and come to a contour of a symbolic universe called ‘cultural China’.

    Tu’s cultural China concept comes along with intellectuals’ obsession of China and the center, periphery ideology and cultural critique. The Communist party in governing China as the center and the periphery with the assertion of the diasporic periphery has been constructed. The project of cultural China is to decenter the cultural authority of geopolitical China, an intellectual effort to redefine ‘the periphery as the center’ in current reengagements with what it means to be Chinese[7]. This newly constructed meaning or criteria ‘that both encompasses and transcends the ethnic, territorial, linguistic, and religious boundaries that normally define Chineseness.’[8] This cultural China concept can be an access road for people in Hong Kong who are obsessed with China but anti-communist governance. Through the bringing up of the limited anti-essentialism, the elements of patriotic and loyalty to the Communist party can be reduced from a preset stereotype for people in Hong Kong with Chineseness. By giving a contrast of the periphery to the center, a new dialogic relation has been formulated. Indeed, the newly formed center can be understand as distanced people away from the old center, while the old center is the saying the norm of Chinese essentialism. In this way, the old center is being used as an other to point out the subjectivity of the new center as the new self. (I will focus more for the further concept of reversing self and other in the later part.) The distance from the old center has provided the new way for cultural interpretation (or with the term cultural space) for the imaginary possibility for what make Chinese Chineseness. This form of diasporic imagination of an imagined community is mainly characterized by the Chinese diaspora from their distance from the center, regarding themselves in a peripheral position to the old center. By being at a place of diaspora, the way of looking at China is in a relatively “objective” way through the representation of media. In this condition, what can these Chinese diaspora see is the whole picture of cultural, political and economic condition without the imposed ideology of the center by the Communist party.

    The same distance situation happened in Hong Kong in terms of political separation and the rising economic importance of Hong Kong. The political difference and separation for Hong Kong from China is an ideal ground for the Chinese diaspora to develop a new imaginary community. In addition, the Chinese diaspora is in a condition: ‘emerging voice of some diasporic Chinese intellectuals with increasingly self-confidence voice has much to do with the historical and economic state of affairs in global modernity at the end of the twentieth century’[9]. Luckily, Hong Kong exists as a situation and a place of the advancement of economic state and showing the reality of tight relation between modernity and post-coloniality. As people in Hong Kong in an analogous condition as Chinese diaspora oversea, they are looking at themselves as a Chinese but not merely a pure Chinese and with imaginary space. This has enable Hong Kong as an ideal place for the Chinese diaspora to construct a new center for the confrontation with the old center.

    Some critics criticizing there is a political implication for Tu in a position of neo-confucianist towards the anti-communist. However, this resort to intention may lead to an end of blurring of writer’s argument. Indeed, the concept of cultural China can pointed out Chineseness is not the innocent reflection of a natural reality that is passively waiting to be discovered[10], which is the same when applied to the cultural identity for people in Hong Kong. Similarly, it is very likely that Rey Chow has adopted the concept of cultural China in order to point out the insufficiency of nativism and nationalism.

    Post-modern hybridities and the significant importance of the third space of liminality by capitalism power

            With the insufficiency of nativism and nationalism, a new way of identifying self is necessary. The confrontation and opposing of centre and periphery mentioned prior can be applied to the liberation from the unity of domination and suppression through the using of the concept of post-modern hybridities. However, post-modern hybridities may tend to have tendency to forget and blurring of the subsidiary relation between colonizers and colonized. Post-modern hybridities can not indicate the cultural political power inside post-colonialism. In addition, the term post-colonialism is somehow likely to be considered as cosmopolitan and international. This way of comment gives rise to the world with the domination of capitalism. In another way, post-colonialism can be regarded as the covering of the neo-colonialism dominated by the United State as similar in globalization by shifting the focus by the act of violence of colonialism on cultural and consciousness[11]. Hence, Rey Chow also suggests the difficult in using post-modern hybridities. Together with the insufficiency of nativism and the difficult in post-modern hybridities, a new third space of liminality for the new self therefore exist.

    The new emerging third space is having a larger portion of the element of capitalism power. As from the two insufficiencies for the formulation of the third space, nativism and post-modern hybridities still play a corresponding and important role for the building up of the third space. Hong Kong in having the anxiety for the searching for Chinese nativism and turning to international and cosmopolitan, there has been lot of overlap of these two and the emergent third space. This third space is native to Hong Kong, and specialized for Hong Kong including hybridizing and intermixing and liminal. This third space highlight Hong Kong has come to a new position. This new position in the wave of capitalism has even brought Hong Kong to a position out of the gap between Britain and China. Hong Kong has came into a place through going north in spreading commodity that is made in Hong Kong. Lots of trends and business have already been set up or even localized in China. With the support of the global capitalism trend, this emergent third space of Hong Kong has occupied for a position in as a cultural emergent in China.

    Entering the North as the new meaning of Hong Kong Identity

    Economic and power of capitalism has played a very important role between Hong Kong and China. As stated prior, Hong Kong was an important economic center before the handover period. However, Hong Kong can not be economically independent from China as the import of water, food and all other necessities in Hong Kong are all depend on China. In this sense, it is foreseeable to identify the economic state of Hong Kong can not sustainable without China. This aura further develops into a close interrelation between China, Hong Kong and neighboring places. With the slogan of “loyal to the nation, loyal to Hong Kong, and loyal to capital”, an emerging economic hegemony is revealed.[12] This new economic cultural colonialism has been a new form of anti-thesis of the imperialism of the center China. But this is not only in an imaginary and ideology, but with concrete existence. How can this be observed? Starting from the economic reform of the People’s Republic of China in the late 70s, there were already a numerous number of businessmen in Hong Kong started to enter and occupy a position in Guangdong and late throughout the whole China. For Corporation, the investments in China were even in a dominant place in the early reforming years. In fact, north going is a collective term for the flow of capital to Hong Kong from the north side, east from Taiwan, south from Malaysia or even west to Europe and United States. The relationship for Hong Kong and this origin of capital is in an intermixing mode, with penetration to each other in the form of trading. In this sense, north going imagination will be much similar to the hybridized, intermixing identity of colonized and erasing of the nation boundaries. With the transnational characteristic of capitalism, the north going imagination or colonialism is with same origin and homologous to each other with the identity of colonized

    Together with the similarity of hybrid property, north going is the with the continuity relation with the previous mentioned marginal, hybridities and third space. However, is this Hong Kong’s new special: north going, really like what Rey Chow’s saying of an emergent third space? Chow did not point out. But Chow’s third space, similar to north going, is what Chow point out the problem of post-modern hybridities: “The enormous seductiveness of the post-modern hybriditie’s discourse lies, of course, in its invitation to join the power of global capitalism by flattening out past injustices.”[13] Indeed, the injustices are not things in the past, but for present and future. There are economic exploitation and injustice to the working class and the poor. Hence, there is an inseparable relation between the growing of the power of capitalism and post-modern hybridities. North going is an access road and the further development of Chow’s third space liminality. But what means by Chow’s emergent, is something already happening in the north going colonialism. The continuity relation in forming north going colonialism, can not be distinguished clearly from the post-modern hybridities and third space.

    The north going and the way of third space liminality both construct mainland as the other, hence in contrasting and building up of the self for Hong Kong. This comes back to a similar way as Tu Wei-ming in treating the old center in periphery and diaspora as the center. So, can north going be a way in reconstructing self cultural identity for people in Hong Kong? Shifting of position for center and periphery appears all the way in the construction of identity in either way of north going or third space. Hong Kong and China are mutually changing and evolving with each other. As China is also having more and more with capitalism idea like Hong Kong, public in Hong Kong are also experiencing and enjoying north going. Anxiety and agitation in the pre-handover period has almost gone completely. What remains is the dominant and prevalent spreading of capitalism idea. From the third space of liminality to the north going colonialism and imagination, there is a strong inclination toward capitalism idea, even they are all concealing the underneath exploitation of the working class.

    Conclude with the dynamic and meso cultural identity

    Hong Kong has been a popular place in the studying of post-colonialism for its multicultural complexity and cosmopolitan characteristic. After going through Britain colonialism and China governance, people in Hong Kong face lot of ambivalence and hardship in finding who am I. Before the handover of Hong Kong, lots of people called themselves as “Hong Konger” in order to drawn out the special place for them in Hong Kong. Today, Hong Kong has already returned to China’s governance for more than ten years. People in Hong Kong are less likely in addressing themselves as Hong Kong people (or Hong Konger) but more likely calling themselves as Chinese. Searching for identity can not be absolutely in negating one standard, method, way or discourse other from another. If there is only the only duality opposing situation for identity oneself with China, or with Hong Kong, how can there be changing and crisis of identity? Discourses in identifying cultural identity are insufficient since there are limitations of situational and of period of validity being observed. Hence, I can say: cultural identity is originally in a dynamic situation. The Madhyamika’s concept of Buddhism has given me the inspiration on the meso form of identity by not persisting in the only two sides. At last, I try to raise two questions: the concept of nation has been considered as old way of fashion, why do people so obsessed with the fixation of nation identity? Do they really have to turn their identity on the way of nation, but not other?


    Reference

    Blanche Wing-ki Chu. “The Ambivalence of History: Nostalgia Films as Meta-Narratives in the Post-Colonial Context” in Esther M. K. Cheung and Chu Yiu-wei eds., Between Home and World: a Reader in Hong Kong Cinema, 331-351.

    Edward Said, “Introduction: Secular Criticism”, The World, the Text, and the Critic, pp. 1-30)

    Ien Ang, “Can one say no to Chineseness?: Pushing the limits of the diasporic paradigm”, On Not Speaking Chinese, pp. 37-51.

    Patricia Brett Erens, “Crossing Borders: Time, Memory, and the Construction of Identity in Song of the Exile” in Esther M. K. Cheung and Chu Yiu-wei eds., Between Home and World: a Reader in Hong Kong Cinema, 177-195.

    Rey Chow, “Between Colonizers: Hong Kong’s Postcolonial Self-Writing in the 1990”, Ethics after Idealism, pp. 149-167.

    Stuart Hall, “Cultural Identity and Diaspora”, Diaspora and visual culture: representing Africans and Jews, London ; New York : Routledge, 2000

    Yang Guang, “In-Between”: On Contemporary Chinese Diasporic Writing, MPhil thesis. Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, 2008.

    陳清僑編. 文化想像與意識形態 :當代香港文化政治論評 1997



    [1] Rey Chow, “Between Colonizers: Hong Kong’s Postcolonial Self-Writing in the 1990”, p. 150

    [2] Ibid p.151

    [3] Ibid p.152

    [4] Stuart Hall, “Cultural Identity and Diaspora”, in J. Rutherford (ed.), Identity: Community, Cultural, Difference (London: Lawrence & Wishart, 1990), p.393.

    [5] Leung Ping-kwan , “Urban Culture and Hong Kong Literature”, Contemporary, No. 38, p.17.

    [6] Edward Said, “Introduction: Secular Criticism”, The World, the Text, and the Critic, pp. 18-19

    [7] Ien Ang, “Can one say no to Chineseness?: Pushing the limits of the diasporic paradigm”, On Not Speaking Chinese, p. 40

    [8] Ibid. p.40

    [9] Ibid p.41

    [10] Ibid p.39

    [11] 史書美:〈「北進想象」的問題〉,載於《文化想像與意識形態 :當代香港文化政治論評》1997 ,頁152

    [12] 郭少棠:〈無邊的論述〉,載於《文化想像與意識形態 :當代香港文化政治論評》1997 ,頁170

    [13] Rey Chow, “Between Colonizers: Hong Kong’s Postcolonial Self-Writing in the 1990”, p. 156

    2009-12-21 21:43 同莊周過聖誕

    話說終於收到那個有著微妙笑臉的盒子了。

    10/12 晚下單,17/12 到港,但我到21/12先拿....

    話說,速度算是不錯,但不是掛號就可惜了點~

    啊,同莊周過聖誕的不是這幾本書的原因。原因是在於又要趕紙了吧...

    對了,我不要夢蝶,夢見OO就可以了~XD

    美和子さん說過的:會夢見是某某的意識鑽進你腦內了吧~

     

     

    星期五, 十一月 06, 2009

    港媽、買樓與浮士德的交易



    身邊很多好女孩,她們的故事就是一眼淚水。

    A 小姐和男友拍拖多年,在當今世代難得一直難得相愛,唯一到談婚論嫁,立即出事。

    A 小姐:阿媽,我想結婚!
    A 媽:你才廿幾歲,咁急結婚做乜?阿邊個邊個又冇樓,學歷又麻麻,嫁畀佢你地住邊?
    A 小姐:...租....屋囉!
    A 媽:租?萬一有事點算?萬一失業點算?阿女你聽我講,結婚呢 d 野唔急得o架,要慢慢來!
    A 小姐:咁買唐樓囉,其實裝修完都可以住!
    A 媽:咩話?買唐樓?阿三姑佢屋企個咩業主咩法團日日鬧交,又話貪污又貼咩大字報,嘈左幾年咩議員、政府乜都幫唔到手,你買呢 d 樓返來,點住?何況我一直都唔鍾意佢......
    A 小姐:但係我地都拍左成七八年拖,佢過節都有上來食飯送禮,點解你地始終都唔鍾意佢?
    A 媽:我邊有唔鍾意佢?我只係為你好!我一眼就睇得出,佢信唔過;你睇,幾廿歲人仲成日沉迷打機,又鍾意睇漫畫,做左咁多年野,都冇來上進心!上進心呀女,你嫁畀佢,就一世o架啦,我都係為你好..
    A 小姐:你為我好,點解唔畀我嫁畀佢?身邊個個唔係拍散拖,就係連拖都冇得拍,難得佢對我咁真心,對你地都做到足,我真係唔明你地諗乜!
    A 媽: 女呀女,你仲大把青春,慢慢來,慢慢來......

    B 小姐和男友 B 仔拍拖多年,在當今世代難得港媽同意成婚,就在大家商討婚禮的時候...
    B 媽:B 仔我一直都好信任你,拿,其實我地都好易相與o既,酒席方面我地希望可以女家有三十席,禮金就好意頭,三十八萬八千蚊啦!
    B 仔:er....er..... er..... 準奶奶,但我唔係太夠錢畀首期,你知啦而家 d 樓價咁高,我地好難供得起,而且三十幾萬...都唔係少數目...
    B 媽:B 仔,你地年輕人辛苦我係知道,但我供書教學,養大 B 女咁多年,唔通果 d 又唔使錢咩?我已經好體談諒你地啦,B 女你都知,前排阿二姑媽嫁女,佢地在會展開成百席,三表哥娶新婦,都去迪士尼擺酒啦,人地閒閒地都收八十八萬八,家下我只係希望你盡下孝心,畀三十八萬八 咋喎,你咁都做唔到,你唔係要我丟架嘛?我在成班親戚面前,點抬得起頭做人?
    B 女:阿媽你........鳴.............................我好醜,點解我阿媽要賣女?乜唔係男女平等咩?乜唔係女大女世 界,鍾意就得咩?點解永遠都係講一套做一套?點解要迫我買樓?點解要迫我嫁畀我唔鍾意的人?點解我想拍拖就要我讀書,我讀完書又搵唔到錢又要我嫁畀有錢 人?我的人生目的係乜野?
    B 媽:我都係為你好之嘛,你咁咩態度?你不孝!

    上述的故事兩則,只不過係林忌親耳聽過無數真人真事的冰山一角,更荒誕的,更奇情的,更離譜的,還有很多,可是寫出來一定被人罵我:根本沒有這種事情!那個是假的!

    對,很多人都想問問,其實港媽以及一眾二代的老人家,佢地想點?平日就岸然道貌一副君子,不停說教要仔女畀心機,努力讀書努力向上,向上來做乜呢?目的係乜呢?係為左「出人頭地」、「為屋企爭光」、「搵多 D 錢」、「畀屋企更好的生活」。

    冇 錯,呢番話我地聽左十年,聽左廿年,聽左好多年,每次家長都用呢番說話,去教訓子女,去禁止子女做 A,又禁止子女做 B,子女話:「我要讀藝術!」--家長誓死反對;子女話:「我要研究人生的意義!」,家長一哭二鬧三上吊,威迫利誘禁止子女走自己的路,一定要聽教聽話, 去跟隨家長的偉大計劃去做--偉大計劃係乜野呢?就係「努力向上!勤力!一定得!出人頭地!」--就係用金錢,用權位,去衡量年輕人的生命,年青人自己點 諗?重要嗎?年青人的人生想點樣走?重要嗎?唔緊要,最緊要在學校聽老師的話,在公司聽老闆的話,只要你地聽話,就有美麗的未來!就有輝煌的將來!

    對,林忌仲識得一位 C 小姐,身讀名校o既佢,多年來都係任何家長、老師眼中品學兼優的乖乖女,求學時期拒絕拍拖,當年未有拔尖但會考 8A ,剛剛好佢報大學那年,董建華在施政報告內,大談生化港的偉大未來!

    「生物科技好呀!特首都說要全力發展生物科技!你生物科又年年都咁好成績,不如就讀生物科技啦!」--C 爸如是說。

    C 小姐結果如何呢?事業當然不問可知,甚至還因挫折患上了精神方面的問題,面目姣好卻一直未能遇到合意的郎君;對,她多年來都聽老師的話,聽家長的話,聽政府的話,一直都很努力,換來的是一個怎樣的結局?

    對, 努力而「事業成功」絕不是必然的;可是這些年來,一直貫輸她這樣價值的是誰?一直貫輸叫她如此思考的是誰?甚至可以想像有一天,如果 C 小姐終於遇到她的如此郎君,會不會又出現上述 A、B 小姐的遭遇呢? A 家會唔會嫌個男仔窮?B 家會唔會嫌份禮金酒席唔夠體面?上述所有做決定,以大家長主義強壓下一代聽從的,是誰?是我們這些聽教聽話的傻仔嗎?

    對,就是我們這班聽 教聽話,做好學生,做好市民的傻仔;我們這群人之中,那些早獨立,早看穿這個把戲的人,就受到家長、教師、制度的聯手迫害,用分數、用金錢、用考試去控制 年輕人;那些聽教聽話,隨波逐流,甚至僥倖成為了專業人士,卻仍然無法達到港爸港媽的目標o既,就在人生大事,在決定人生的後半時遇到迫害。

    我們力盡艱辛,逃離一個地獄,卻訝然發現,眼前的唔係天堂,連凡間都唔係,而係另一個地獄!

    好呀,買舊樓買唐樓,港媽肯嗎?好呀,唔好買樓去租樓啦,港媽肯嗎?在報紙發膠音的一連串膠人,是你們是傻的嗎,還是當我們是傻的嗎?還是身邊永遠見不到一個港媽?為甚麼我地就要忍耐,但港媽收禮金卻不用忍耐?港媽控制子女卻不用忍耐?

    好呀,港媽畀你買唐樓,校網呢?成班後生仔冇希望,冇人生,要運動冇場地,要上網又要規管,唔健康呀!冇益呀!用過濾器啦,用 56k 唔好用寬頻啦!讀多 D 書啦,讀多 D 書對你有益呀!

    有益?不如送高官去驗腦呀,佢地記得幾多書本上的知識?當年佢地考試的知識,佢地學了幾多?其實讀書係為左乜野?求學不是求分數?你食錯藥呀?定係食飯焦左呀?

    對,唔好比較,記住唔好比較;佢前言不對後語,你唔應該諗咁多,你反政府呀?你反權威呀?佢講過唔算數,包生仔呀?講你又信呀?佢就日日鮑魚,你就日日多舊魚,唔好比較,千萬唔好比較,鬼叫你唔生早廿年呀?

    答:『抵你死啦,望下索馬里、埃塞俄比亞,你班後生仔,真係「身在福中不知福」呀!世界上有好多人慘過你地呀!』

    問:「哦?咁歐洲呢?咁美國加拿大呢?」
    答:「佢地都有好多問題呀,冇絕對的幸福呀,總之唔好諗咁多啦,要努力!」
    問:「努力?我仲努力來做乜?努力的意義是甚麼?」
    答:「要樂觀!要達觀!唔好諗咁多,總之努力!」
    問:「我已經好努力」
    答:「你努力得唔夠,明冇?」
    問:「我身邊個老友已經日捱十幾個鐘,結果提早引發 cancer 死埋,你仲想我點努力?」
    答:「你太悲觀啦,唔好只係諗衰野,總之努力啦!」
    問:「................................................」
    答:「努力!」

    問:「但係人生的意義,係做一隻聽話的狗嗎?係做一隻冇目的、冇思考、冇要求、冇腰骨的爬蟲類生物嗎?」
    某人一臉驚恐...
    問:「乜我地中國人的命特別賤嗎?」
    問:「乜我地的行為被你們控制十幾廿年,還唔夠嗎?」
    問:「我地唔可以用二代人的標準去追求物質,要用四代人的標準去追求物質,冇問題,咁我地可唔可以用四代人的標準去追求精神生活?我地可唔可以用四代人的標準去追求公平公正民主自由的社會?」

    答:「而家經濟差,專心搵錢啦!要搞好經濟先!」

    問:「乜唔係話應用四代人的標準,唔好用二代人的標準咩?」
    答:「生活享受就應用四代人標準」
    問:「咁工作係唔係用四代人的標準?」
    答:「工作就要用二代人刻苦耐勞的標準,都話你班年輕人唔吃得苦!」
    問:「工作要我忍受,咁民主自由呢?可以四代標準未?」
    答:「你地年輕太衝動!你地年輕人未成長!應該聽阿爺的話,應該聽老闆的話!用你地的標準,香港會大亂,會陸沉!」

    記住了,工作就要用二代人的標準,努力向上
    生活就要用四代人的標準,向非洲出發!

    搵錢的時候,就要用四代人的標準,要識得創新,要突破困局!
    創新的時候,就要用二代人的標準,要一切照舊,要用番幾十年前的方法!香港一定得!唔好搞咁多事,努力!奮鬥!人定勝天!

    其實,大家係唔係弱智的呢?其實,究竟係邊個需要驗腦?

    強烈要求立法會強制立法,立法禁止家長販賣人口,立法禁止家長強迫子女買樓,立法禁止中國人嫁娶收禮金,因為中國的大家長主義,就好似纏足一樣,係人類文明史上的一大污點,係防礙人類進步的其中一項最大阻礙!

    伸延閱讀:
    四代香港人的回答

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    我盡管分析下家長的心態吧:作為一個隨年紀增長的成年人,經驗成為他們作為分析、認知、批判的根據,這不難理解。當然,這是個人的選擇以什麼方法去面對事情,事物。不過,對經驗的依賴,看來是一個大主流。由此,家長的經驗,成為了教化孩子的根據。在家長在這個經驗世界打滾的經驗,確是有很大程度的依據,比如說:如果"子女話:「我要研究人生的意義!」" 的話,確是會在現今社會因缺少了某種生存技能而找不到錢的結果。從而,家長就會引申出:我都是為你好,等等看似善意價值判斷。相信年輕人針對的,並非反對家長們的看法,而只是家長教化子女的手斷。

    然而,抱著什麼方法去提出一個有說服力的意見,成為了討論的重點。確實,盲從家長的看法,是有很大的機會會只變成一個沒有自我思想,沒有自我價值判斷的一個"agent" 。所以就演變出反叛是一個單一對抗的方法。不幸的,這多是導致家庭內的吵鬧收場。所以,價值判斷的對話,該應以「因是」因人之所是而是之,則天下有是而無非、「兩行」雙方都行,而無一方之不行;為基礎,大家都是認真理性地討論而尋共識方為上策。

     

    希望不會變得太廢話。XD

     

     

    原帖位置:"港媽、買樓與浮士德的交易", 每日一膠.荒謬的香港, http://plastichk.blogspot.com/2009/11/blog-post_06.html, accessed on 06th November, 2009

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    密碼提示語:haha
    2009-10-02 22:32 Class C1

    話說都已經想辦很久了,方才先拿到....

    這近聽說嚴打的駕駛問題的情況多發,但我之前先偷走了三十多公里~XD

    被捉到的話要即坐14日云云

    哈~之後就是有牌駕駛了~~

     

    前樂天閒時不知在做什麼,走上Google Map 看下那有street view 看下。

    哦! 看到台北開始有很多地方都看得到了,就點開來看下。

    就在想從street view 看下海的心態之下(不知為何有這想法),自台北西部那XX的漁人碼頭看去。

    走下走下,發現路旁有狗,樣子被很親切的人們馬賽克blur 了。

     

    後來,從與友人的對話中,我得到的想法:

     

    大約可能Google 之前碰過釘吧。

     

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